Note
CREA reported that 'shadow' tankers transported 36% of all Russian oil exports by volume (37% of crude, 30% of products) since the 5 December 2022 EU embargo/price cap, as of its September 2023 publication. A trade-rerouting estimate by an independent research organisation (authoritative research, not official government data); estimates vary by methodology and period. A dated cumulative snapshot, manually maintained static value, not real-time, and recommended for refresh. Not a causal attribution and not legal or compliance advice.
Version history
This observation is byte-present in 151 frozen dataset versions, from v1.37.0 to v1.187.0. Appearances are derived from committed frozen payloads only — not fabricated for versions that predate the full-payload store.
Full record history: records/observation--obs-shadow-export-share/data.json · per-version field diffs: /changes/compare.
Relationships & machine-readable
Indicator JSON (with a relationship graph): indicators/obs-shadow-export-share/data.json · source page: CREA — Shedding light on shadow tankers · per-record provenance.
How to cite
Shadow-fleet share of Russian oil exports: 36 % of exports (volume) (cumulative since 5 December 2022, as reported by CREA (September 2023)), Centre for Research on Energy and Clean Air (CREA), via Warconomy. https://warconomy.com/indicators/obs-shadow-export-share. Source-linked, manually maintained; not real-time.
Machine-readable: data.json · source registry · full page.