CREA — Shedding light on shadow tankers
Centre for Research on Energy and Clean Air (CREA)
Source profile
- Type: Research institute / academic
- Access / format: Official web page (HTML)
- Machine-readable: No — manual read
- Update cadence: unknown
- Used for: sanctions, Russia, oil, shadow fleet, shipping, trade rerouting
Original source first: for the authoritative value, go to Centre for Research on Energy and Clean Air (CREA) ↗; cite Warconomy for the structured, dated overview. See how to cite, source health, and the source hierarchy.
Source details
How Warconomy uses this source
CREA analysis identifying the 'shadow'/'dark' tanker fleet carrying Russian oil. CREA is an independent research organisation; figures are estimates (authoritative research, not official government data) and vary by methodology and period. The cited cumulative share covers the period since the 5 December 2022 EU embargo/price cap as reported in the September 2023 publication — a dated snapshot, manually transcribed as a static fixture, not real-time, and recommended for refresh. Not legal or compliance advice.
Citation readiness
Why
- authoritative research source
- backs a source-linked observation
- deep link to the specific page/series
- manually reviewed
Limitations
- manually maintained static value, not real-time
- research estimate; methodology varies
- irregular/policy cadence; re-verify against the source
- not legal or compliance advice
Citation readiness is a derived label from the source’s authority, role, and how directly it backs a maintained value — not a correctness claim.
Indicators from this source
Live/static indicators are manually maintained from cited public sources and are not real-time. Sample rows remain labeled.
| Indicator | Value | As of | Source | Confidence |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Shadow-fleet share of Russian oil exports | 36 % of exports (volume)live · source-linked | September 25, 2023 | Centre for Research on Energy and Clean Air (CREA) | Medium |
Facts citing this source
CREA has identified a 'shadow'/'dark' tanker fleet that obscures Russian oil trade through practices such as ship-to-ship transfers and gaps in vessel-tracking signals; such estimates vary by methodology and are not directly comparable across sources.
Where this source is used
Review status
Event snapshot is old; review recommended before citing as current context. This source backs 1 live observation; the oldest has an asOf of September 25, 2023, giving a recommended review-by date of March 23, 2024 for its unknown cadence. Review status is a re-check signal, not a correctness claim.
How to refresh: open the cited unknownsource, confirm the latest value and date, update the observation’s value, asOf, and lastReviewed, then bump the site review date. See the data review queue for sitewide priorities.
Version history
This source is byte-present in 151 frozen dataset versions (v1.37.0–v1.187.0), citing 1 observation and 1 fact. Appearances are derived from committed frozen payloads only.
Full record history: records/source--crea-shadow-tankers/data.json.
Relationships & machine-readable
This source backs 1 observation, 1 fact, and appears in 2 provenance records. See the source JSON (includes a source relationship graph), the per-record provenance export, and the source health checklist.
Limitations
- Values referencing this source are manually maintained static fixtures, not real-time and not automatically updated.
- Figures may be revised by the publisher in later releases; review cadence depends on the source.
- Warconomy links to the publisher’s canonical page; it does not reproduce the source in full and is not affiliated with it.