{
  "name": "Human capital — World Bank demographic & labour indicators",
  "asOf": "2026-06-05",
  "page": "https://warconomy.com/human-capital",
  "note": "Official World Bank figures, most-recent available per series; annual and often lagged. These are demographic/labour/macro indicators, NOT casualty, wounded or displacement counts, and changes are not attributed to war. Not real-time. No paid APIs, no API keys.",
  "dignity": "War's human toll is first personal and moral, not statistical. These indicators are demographic/macro context, not casualty data; estimates of human loss belong to the cited specialist sources.",
  "source": {
    "publisher": "World Bank",
    "title": "World Bank Indicators API",
    "page": "https://data.worldbank.org/",
    "api": "https://api.worldbank.org/v2/",
    "registryId": "worldbank",
    "registryUrl": "https://warconomy.com/sources/worldbank"
  },
  "accessedDate": "2026-06-24",
  "lastReviewed": "2026-06-24",
  "dataMode": "live",
  "refreshCommand": "npm run worldbank:humancapital",
  "explainer": [
    {
      "heading": "Start with the human cost",
      "body": "Before it is an economic story, war is a human one. It kills and wounds people, tears families apart, and forces millions from their homes. Those losses are first of all personal and moral, not statistical. This page does not reduce people to numbers; it explains how the suffering war causes also leaves a long economic shadow — one that can shape a country's recovery for decades."
    },
    {
      "heading": "Why the human toll scars economies for decades",
      "body": "An economy runs on people — their work, skills, health and care for one another. When a war removes working-age people through death, lasting injury or flight abroad, it shrinks the workforce and the pool of skills, often for a generation. At the same time it raises the need for public spending on health, disability care, pensions for the bereaved, and rebuilding. Fewer producers and greater needs at once is the core of what economists call human-capital scarring."
    },
    {
      "heading": "Working-age population loss",
      "body": "Deaths and serious injuries fall heavily on young and working-age adults, the part of the population that produces most and supports both children and the elderly. Losing them lowers the labour force not just now but for decades, because those workers — and often the children they would have had — are gone from the future economy too."
    },
    {
      "heading": "Displacement, refugees and brain drain",
      "body": "War displaces people inside their own country and across borders. Those who leave take their skills and education with them; if they do not return, the origin country loses that human capital for good — a 'brain drain' that is hard to reverse. Host countries face pressures but can also gain workers. Whether people return, and when, is deeply uncertain."
    },
    {
      "heading": "Veterans, disability and trauma",
      "body": "Many who survive carry lasting wounds — amputations and other physical disabilities, and the unseen injuries of trauma and PTSD. Caring for them is first a duty owed to people who served and suffered. It also creates long-term obligations: medical care, rehabilitation, prosthetics, disability support and the unpaid work of families, alongside the lost earnings of those who cannot fully return to work."
    },
    {
      "heading": "Family formation, fertility and the future",
      "body": "War separates couples, delays marriages and births, and makes people fearful of the future — all of which can lower fertility for years. Combined with deaths among young adults, this can leave a smaller, older population, reshaping the labour force, pensions and growth long after the fighting ends. The size of these effects is uncertain and varies by country."
    },
    {
      "heading": "What Warconomy can measure now — and what it cannot",
      "body": "Warconomy shows official World Bank demographic and labour indicators as context — population, labour force, fertility, migration and GDP — clearly labelled and not attributed to any war. It does NOT publish casualty, wounded or displacement counts of its own: those are uncertain, contested and best read from specialist sources (UNHCR, IOM, UN, UCDP and peer-reviewed research), which the briefings link to. Treat estimates as estimates, never as certainties."
    }
  ],
  "indicators": [
    {
      "code": "SP.POP.TOTL",
      "label": "Total population",
      "unit": "people",
      "group": "population"
    },
    {
      "code": "SP.POP.1564.TO",
      "label": "Population ages 15–64",
      "unit": "people",
      "group": "population"
    },
    {
      "code": "SP.DYN.TFRT.IN",
      "label": "Fertility rate",
      "unit": "births per woman",
      "group": "population"
    },
    {
      "code": "SM.POP.NETM",
      "label": "Net migration",
      "unit": "people (period)",
      "group": "migration"
    },
    {
      "code": "SL.TLF.TOTL.IN",
      "label": "Labour force, total",
      "unit": "people",
      "group": "labour"
    },
    {
      "code": "SL.TLF.CACT.ZS",
      "label": "Labour-force participation",
      "unit": "% of pop 15+",
      "group": "labour"
    },
    {
      "code": "SL.UEM.TOTL.ZS",
      "label": "Unemployment",
      "unit": "% of labour force",
      "group": "labour"
    },
    {
      "code": "NY.GDP.PCAP.KD",
      "label": "GDP per capita",
      "unit": "constant 2015 US$",
      "group": "output"
    },
    {
      "code": "NY.GDP.MKTP.KD.ZG",
      "label": "GDP growth",
      "unit": "annual %",
      "group": "output"
    },
    {
      "code": "MS.MIL.XPND.GD.ZS",
      "label": "Military expenditure",
      "unit": "% of GDP",
      "group": "fiscal"
    },
    {
      "code": "SH.XPD.CHEX.GD.ZS",
      "label": "Health expenditure",
      "unit": "% of GDP",
      "group": "fiscal"
    }
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  "countries": [
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      "iso3": "UKR",
      "name": "Ukraine"
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      "iso3": "RUS",
      "name": "Russia"
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      "iso3": "SDN",
      "name": "Sudan"
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      "name": "DR Congo"
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      "iso3": "ETH",
      "name": "Ethiopia"
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      "iso3": "IRQ",
      "name": "Iraq"
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    {
      "iso3": "YEM",
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      "iso3": "ISR",
      "name": "Israel"
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      "iso3": "IRN",
      "name": "Iran"
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    {
      "iso3": "LBN",
      "name": "Lebanon"
    },
    {
      "iso3": "NER",
      "name": "Niger"
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    {
      "iso3": "MLI",
      "name": "Mali"
    },
    {
      "iso3": "BFA",
      "name": "Burkina Faso"
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    "note": "Demographic estimates from the UN World Population Prospects via the World Bank — annual, often lagged, and historical (no projections). These are NOT casualty, wounded or displacement counts, and no change is attributed to war. Ages 0–14 is derived from the other bands. Not real-time. No paid APIs, no API keys.",
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      "title": "World Bank Indicators API (UN World Population Prospects estimates)",
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      "api": "https://api.worldbank.org/v2/",
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